Censorship in the Media - 1115 Words

Is Censorship necessary? â€Å"Once a government is committed to the principle of silencing the voice of opposition, it has only one way to go, and that is down the path of increasingly repressive measures, until it becomes a source of terror to all its citizens and creates a country where everyone lives in fear. -- Harry S Truman Thesis: Although some people believe that censorship is adequate to select what things does the society will be good and can live around it while others believe that there should be no censorship because it takes away your right of expression of freedom. Definition of obscenity: the state or quality of being obscene; obscene behavior, language, or images. Definition of Censorship: the practice of officially†¦show more content†¦In accordance with these laws, more than sixty Internet regulations have been made by the government of the Peoples Republic of China (PRC), which has been implemented by provincial branches of state-owned ISPs, companies, and organizations. The apparatus of the PRCs Internet control is considered more extensive and more advanced than in any other country in the world. The governmental authorities not only block website content but also monitor the Internet access of individuals†. (Interner Censorship China). This is just an example out of many that I could quote demonstrating the censorship occurring in the Internet. However this occur because the Government thinks they need to be in control of every source of information that exists, either for protecting themselves from an attack or protecting their country from some sort of anarchy that it could somehow be a consequence of people plotting against everything they don’t like about their politics or how is the country managed. Censorship in art: Noting that art is an expression, censure is an attack that universal right to express what you feel and think. However, freedom of expression is itself a difficult concept to pin down, as it involves recognizing individual freedoms and collective freedoms. And this applies to any expression that fits the need of being in a culture that strives for transparency andShow MoreRelatedCensorship And The Media Of Censorship1407 Words   |  6 Pagesthe same can be said about censorship. Censorship and privacy do not solely revolve around leaks and personal intrusions from foreign entities. The advent of social media and cell phones have created new avenues for people to communicate and share information; The internet provides people a new and global way to spread information that can be considered worthy of censorship. Many people I know argue that censorship should not be commonplace in the media, in social media, or even in the entire InternetRead MoreMedia Censorship1427 Words   |  6 PagesApril 30, 2011 Media Censorship in the United States Censorship has existed for longer than we could ever imagine. One of the first acts of state sponsored censorship occurred in 399 B.C. when Socrates, was executed for the â€Å"supposed common good of the people† (Guarding Public Morality, 2010, p.1). Socrates was a teacher and a philosopher in ancient Greece. His teaching methods were controversial for the time, and he was charged with corrupting the youth and drawing them away from the GreekRead MoreCensorship of Media1064 Words   |  5 PagesSurprises of Censorship In today’s world of technology and high finance children learn and do different activities. Video games, television shows, and the internet all have effect on our society. These items take away from moral values, and it also undermines the instruction parents give to their children. We need a healthier world with fewer restrictions, and if negative commodities are prohibiting children from recreational play parents should be the regulators in what content their childrenRead MoreThe Censorship Of The Media1542 Words   |  7 PagesBut while the larger media corporations may be hesitant to allow these other conceptions of the human to be represented in the mainstream, there is no such hesitation in fan communities. The fans are not and do not have to be concerned with â€Å"securing the well-being of our present ethnoclass† (Wynter). Rather, they are considered with their own well-being and their own representation and thus they are able to tell the stories that th ey want to be told and there is nothing preventing them from doingRead MoreThe Censorship Of The Media1665 Words   |  7 Pages Privacy in the Media In addition, the media is in an especially complex situation regarding the current concept of privacy regarding the proper use of technology and due to the numerous ethical issues, that arise from sensationalist media practices. First, the invasion of privacy can be justified by uncovering vital information that serves public interest to be considered ethical journalistic practice (Plaisance, 2014, p. 187). However, while there is less ethical merit in providing the publicRead MoreThe Censorship Of The Media939 Words   |  4 Pagesongoings of the world inform American policy and economics. Yet Americans remain ambivalent because other countries are not debated in the news. The news media implicitly apply filters to their coverage of news stories to inform the public thereby creating a narrative skewed by political or financial gain to influence their viewers. Because the media is privatized, it is difficult to recognize this propaganda system. Careful dissection of the time and sp ace dedicated to each story covered by the anchorsRead MoreCensorship and Indecency in Media928 Words   |  4 PagesCensorship and Indecency in Media Although indecent speech is protected by the First Amendment speech in broadcast media has been restricted because of its accessibility to children. In Federal Communications Commission’s (FCC) current policy, indecent speech is defined as the â€Å"language that describes, in terms patently offensive as measured by contemporary community standards for the broadcast medium, sexual or excretory activities and organs, at times of the day when there is a reasonable thatRead MoreCensorship in the Media Essay1084 Words   |  5 Pagesthe term censorship have been changed and manipulated very much over the years. Television and movie ratings have become more lenient against violence and indiscretion because these things are now seen as entertainment. Is this appropriate for our youth? Should children be exposed to these images so early on? How does censorship in the media affect adolescents? Children are the future of our society and need to have some understanding of real w orld occurrences. Ultimately, censorship can onlyRead More Censorship in Media Essay2359 Words   |  10 Pagesviewing audience. Censorship is defined as Policy of restricting the public expression of ideas, opinions, conceptions, and impulses, which are believed to have the capacity to undermine the governing authority or the social and moral order which authority considers itself bound to protect? (Abraham 357). Political, religious, obscenity, and censorship affecting academic freedom are all equal in their destructiveness towards free speech. ?There are two different forms that censorship takes; prior, whichRead MoreCensoring The Censorship Of Media3205 Words   |  13 PagesCesar Ortega Mrs. Martinez English, Period 8th 11/28/2014 Censoring In the 21st century the censoring of media should be scarce but in the contrary it’s being reinforce by countries. For instance, the act of censoring gay media hurts all those individuals who are members of the LGBT community and those who wish to learn more about the LGBT community and its history. It prevents people who wish to find more resources and information that might be able to change their life for the better. Censoring

Human Rights And Its Impact On Society Essay - 2311 Words

Human rights had an and still is a huge impact to everybody live and to society as a whole without everybody realizing it.Imagine what would happen if we did not had human rights at all, I can see it, imagine a world where racism prevented interracial couple from being together just because of the color of their skins.How religion and personal belife can prevented people from working together and expercing something new as a whole.When how someone gender will pervent them from helping or doing something.In which it is perventing society from growing as a whole.In my honest opinon without human rights we showing that we do not see each as a living being as wells as showing that we are worst then cavemen back then. Human rights is specify as the right that belong to all human being whatever race,gender,religious beliefs,ethnic origins and other status.This idea was used to protect people from the law and from other.But the idea was officially created as the universal idea of human ri ght was created in December 10, 1948 by United Nation after world war 2 in Paris,France.The universal idea of human right is an international agreement on how humans should be treated. In which contains 30 articles that was the mandatory rule to follow for each member of each nation. The main reason why the universal idea of human right was created is because during world war 2 in the Holocaust the German was doing inhuman experiment and many other things to the Jewish people in theShow MoreRelatedThe Social Problem Of Voting Rights1668 Words   |  7 PagesThe social problem: What is the social problem you will examine? The research will examine voting rights in relation to voting right inequalities and the society’s effort to have an all minority groups included in the civic process. The research will look into several historical factors that contributed to voting rights inequalities and how the society has evolved to solve issues related to the right to vote. History of problem and policy: when did the problem first emerge historically? What historicalRead MoreJohn Locke versus Thomas Hobbes Essay1297 Words   |  6 Pagesinevitable byproduct of society. As societies evolve they change according to the life style of the people who inhabit them. Without change, society would never progress and thus would be frozen in a single moment in time. Thomas Hobbes and John Lock were two English philosophers who observed tremendous changes in English politics between the years of 1640 and 1690. In closely examining the views of both of these philosophers in subject areas such as the nature of man in society, the relationship betweenRead MoreAnimal Rights Essay989 Words   |  4 Pages The rights of animals and their role in society is a topic that is constantly considered, but is never known how the problem can be solved. The dictionary definition attempts to explain it with â€Å"the rights of animals, claimed on ethical grounds, to the same hum ane treatment† (â€Å"Animal Rights†). For animals to have humane treatment, is an endeavor to give them the same rights as humans. People want animals to have rights to make sure that they aren’t abused and mistreated, but having the same amountRead MoreHuman Trafficking Is A Grave Crime And A Serious Violation Of Human Rights1555 Words   |  7 PagesHumana Trafficking Introduction Human trafficking refers to the practice of recruiting, transferring, transporting, receiving, or harboring people through the use of force, threat, or other forms of abduction, coercion, deception, fraud, as well as abuse of power or vulnerability position (Segrave 2). Human trafficking is a grave crime and a serious violation of human rights as it involves a broad range of human exploitations, including forced labor, sexual exploitation, slavery practices, as wellRead MoreVoices Beyond Exploitation : Gender Norms And Racial Bias1657 Words   |  7 Pageswell as female poets who advocated for equal rights began to write down their personal stories of how slavery and social restrictions have impacted their lives. At first they would write in small paragraphs and poems, but later they would create collections of slave and feminist literature, that once published reached a range of people across the world. They would often write literature that would express their personal thoughts w hile exploring the impacts of oppression, restriction of freedom and religiousRead MoreThe Impact Of Technology On Society1291 Words   |  6 PagesSociety has always been impacted by technology. Each invention has affected how people relate to one another and how cultures have expanded or ended. Technology impacts how cities grow, where people live, and who owns what. Technologies are the reason a few people are very rich, that people are more social, and that teaching, and learning is changing. We are at a crucial time in history where educators can make a difference in how our students interact with one another and make a place for themselvesRead MoreSocial Responsibility and Hp Essay1291 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿ Running Head: Is it possible for a business to make environmentally-responsible decisions that will provide positive spin-offs to society, but still maintain (or increase) its profits? Bilal Mohamed Moujood 7717930 GMGT 1010 Short Paper 1 Sustainable development has become a recurrent term in the modern day business community. In order to achieve a socially conscious economy, businesses have to strike a key balance between the needs of the present and the viable use of naturalRead MoreWhat Is More Harm Than Good?1721 Words   |  7 PagesMore harm than good? The impact of the United Kingdom’s laws and policies on sex workers’ and trafficked individuals’ human rights or Would U.K laws and policies on sex workers and trafficked individuals be more effective if society understood and accepted the problem? Research background and questions According to the United Kingdom Home Office, the anti†slavery legislation currently being upheld in the United Kingdom (hereinafter UK), uses the term modern slavery as a catch-all phrase whenRead MoreThe Purpose of Human Resource Management Policies in Organisations1323 Words   |  6 PagesThe human resource management plan outlined above covers key areas that require attention in the growth of Merton Campaign Society. Using SMART analysis, the objectives of the HRM plan have been set in a way that they are realistic and sustainable. However, the plan could have been supported by key indications about the available funds for human resource activities and the mechanisms used in the prioritization of human resource projects. In addition, an outline of how the timelines would be achievedRead MoreEffects Of The Rule Of Law771 Words   |  4 Pagesexplaining the effects on The Rule of Law in the UK if they are to withdraw from the EU Convention on human rights and repeals the h uman rights act 1998 and replaces both with the UK Bill of rights. I am going to give a brief overlook on what the impact on the rule of law in the UK will be. I am also going into depth as to whether or not sovereignty effective in the UK is effective and whether society should still be entitles to the vote. After an understanding of the Rule of law and sovereignty has

Military Aviation Essay Example For Students

Military Aviation Essay Thesis: Military aircraft has become more sophisticated in variety,effectiveness in war situations, and special maneuvering techniques in recentyears. Military aircraft has become more sophisticated in variety, effectivenessin war situations, and special maneuvering techniques in recent years. With theadvance of stealth technology, many new and very effective aircraft have beendeveloped. The F-117A was used during Operation Dessert Storm and every planecame back without a scratch. The very expensive B-2 stealth bomber has neverbeen used in actual war, but during testing it was a success. The AdvancedTactical Fighter program was started to make an aircraft that could supercruise,the ability to cruise at supersonic speeds, and didnt cost very much. The YF-22and YF-23 were the first planes to accomplish this. With all the planes we knowof, there are also top secret programs probably going on right now. A newfighter that has never been heard of before has been spotted. As John Welch, theassistant secretary of Air Force said, Stealth gives us back thatfundamental element of war called surprise (Goodall 9). After it was foundthat aircraft could be very useful in war, it was used for large scalereconnaissance. Then people started to add bombs to aircraft and then airplanesstarted to become an essence of war. After World War 2, new bombers weredeveloped with fast speed, and could travel far distances. They could also carrynuclear bombs and missiles. The use of the bomber aircraft then led to thefighter, which was equipped with guns and missiles. Helicopters were also foundto be good strike aircraft. They were armed with cannons, machine guns, rockets,torpedoes, and a variety of missiles. Vertical takeoff made the helicopter anadvantage. The first flight of the F-117A was in June of 1981 in Groom Lake testfacility. The total cost for the development of the F-117A was just under twobillion dollars, but it only cost $43 million to make each plane. It becameoperational in October of 1983 and was the first operational stealth aircraftever built. The F-117A is a night attack plane powered by two, nonafterburningGeneral Electric engines. F-117As were designed for first-strike capabilitiesand to be able to fly into any countries airspace undetected. The primary taskof the F-117A is to break through enemy airspace, destroy high value targets,and return back unharmed. They were considered to first be used in severaldifferent tasks, but werent used until Operation Dessert Storm where they didan excellent job. As Donald Rice, Secretary of the Air Force, said,Everyone now agrees the F-117 was a real bargain (9). DuringOperation Dessert Storm the F-117As were found out to be very successful. Thewar began on January 16, 1991 when the F-117A fighters entered the Iraqiairspace on their way to downtown Baghdad. There were 43 of them over the skiesof Iraq and not one was lost even though they went against one of the mostmodern air-defense systems in the world. Operation Dessert Storm was the largestaerial bombing attack in war history. It was also the first time a stealthaircraft was used as a main weapon. On the first day of Dessert Storm theLockheed F-117As dropped sixty-two 2,000 pound bombs on Baghdad destroying themost critical targets of the Iraqi military, including the headquarters of theIraqi air force. Weve seen that not only does stealth work, but that itputs fewer assets at risk and saves lives (9), as Donald Rice said. Thepilots of those F-117As flew through the hardest anti-aircraft missiles anypilot has ever flown through. .u7347b81408ffe1c928113e8bddf7f804 , .u7347b81408ffe1c928113e8bddf7f804 .postImageUrl , .u7347b81408ffe1c928113e8bddf7f804 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u7347b81408ffe1c928113e8bddf7f804 , .u7347b81408ffe1c928113e8bddf7f804:hover , .u7347b81408ffe1c928113e8bddf7f804:visited , .u7347b81408ffe1c928113e8bddf7f804:active { border:0!important; } .u7347b81408ffe1c928113e8bddf7f804 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u7347b81408ffe1c928113e8bddf7f804 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u7347b81408ffe1c928113e8bddf7f804:active , .u7347b81408ffe1c928113e8bddf7f804:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u7347b81408ffe1c928113e8bddf7f804 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u7347b81408ffe1c928113e8bddf7f804 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u7347b81408ffe1c928113e8bddf7f804 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u7347b81408ffe1c928113e8bddf7f804 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u7347b81408ffe1c928113e8bddf7f804:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u7347b81408ffe1c928113e8bddf7f804 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u7347b81408ffe1c928113e8bddf7f804 .u7347b81408ffe1c928113e8bddf7f804-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u7347b81408ffe1c928113e8bddf7f804:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Costco Anaylsis Essay When you think of stealth, most people probablythink of B-2 stealth bomber, but most people dont realize that it hasnt evenbeen used in a real war situation yet. In November of 1987 the Pentagon orderedthe first four B-2s to be built for $2 billion. Each B-2 cost $437.4 million tobuild. After the military liked the bomber, they originally ordered 133 of them,then they cut back to 75 because of the deficit-reduction bill. Then, in 1992,the House of Representatives voted to buy only twenty, and later only 15 sayingthat 10 would be enough. With four General Electric engines with 19,000 poundsof thrust each, the B-2s were made to carry a lot of weight. The AdvancedTechnology Bomber, as it was called, was made so it couldnt be spotted by enemyradar. After testing it was found out that it is almost impossible to track itconstantly using radar. The B-2s were designed to be an all-flying wing and itis made up of over eighty percent of composite materials. The B-2 is 69 feetlong, has a wingspan of 172 feet, and 17 feet in height. They also can carry apayload of 40,000 pounds and can travel at mach 0. 85 (Jones 86). The B- 2 cancarry 80 bombs, including nuclear bombs. All fifteen of the B-2s are assigned toWhiteman Air Force Base in Missouri and await to be used in actual combat. In1983 the Advanced Tactical Fighter program office was formed at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio. The Air Force wanted to build an aircraft thathad the ability to supercruise without the use of afterburners or running out offuel in a couple of minutes. It should be able to cruise at mach 1.4 or 1.5 andbe able to take off on runways less then 2,000 feet long. Since the money wasstarting to get tight, the Advanced Tactical Fighter should cost under $40million each to build. To come up with this aircraft, the Military gave acontract to both Northrop and Lockheed to each build it with thesespecifications. The Air Force wanted an air-superiority fighter to replace theDouglass F-15 Eagle. In 1986 the Air Force gave a contract to Northrop andLockheed who would each build two Advanced Tactical Fighter prototypes. TheNorthrop YF-23 made its first flight in August 1990. It was powered by a Prattand Witney F-119-PW engine. The YF-23 can hold four AIM-120 missiles. The YF-22prototype made its first flight in September of 1990 and became the first topass the Air Forces supercruise specification. It could reach mach 1.58 andfaster. The YF-22 has three weapon bays that can each carry two air-to-airmissiles. Both fighters can supercruise at speeds of Mach 1. 5 to 1.7. Their topspeeds are classified but they can most likely go over Mach 2. In April of 1991the Air Force had to decide which plane they wanted, they chose the LockheedYF-22 even though the YF-23 was more stealthy and could go faster. A newswing-wing stealth aircraft has been spotted undergoing test. In September of1994 it was seen circling high over Anarillo, Texas. While it was circling, aradio scanner picked up a military UHF channel with the call sign Omega. Thiscall sign has never been heard before. The pilot was talking about a hydraulicmalfunction and was saying he was dumping fuel to prepare for an emergencylanding. If there is a new plane like this, it will probably be called the A-17and will replace the F-111 which has been in service since 1967. Recently therehave been millions of dollars spent expanding the Cannon Air Force Base and anew plane might be undergoing testing there. It has also been said that highranking officials have gathered there to look at the new aircraft. .ub5b7a26d27d092c445a5f61151e2b467 , .ub5b7a26d27d092c445a5f61151e2b467 .postImageUrl , .ub5b7a26d27d092c445a5f61151e2b467 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub5b7a26d27d092c445a5f61151e2b467 , .ub5b7a26d27d092c445a5f61151e2b467:hover , .ub5b7a26d27d092c445a5f61151e2b467:visited , .ub5b7a26d27d092c445a5f61151e2b467:active { border:0!important; } .ub5b7a26d27d092c445a5f61151e2b467 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub5b7a26d27d092c445a5f61151e2b467 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub5b7a26d27d092c445a5f61151e2b467:active , .ub5b7a26d27d092c445a5f61151e2b467:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub5b7a26d27d092c445a5f61151e2b467 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub5b7a26d27d092c445a5f61151e2b467 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub5b7a26d27d092c445a5f61151e2b467 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub5b7a26d27d092c445a5f61151e2b467 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub5b7a26d27d092c445a5f61151e2b467:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub5b7a26d27d092c445a5f61151e2b467 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub5b7a26d27d092c445a5f61151e2b467 .ub5b7a26d27d092c445a5f61151e2b467-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub5b7a26d27d092c445a5f61151e2b467:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Man with the Twisted Lip Essay The Pentagonhas announced that the F-111 will be retired by the end of 1995. The newswing-wing aircraft spotted will most likely replace it. Swing-wing aircraft addweight and make a plane more complex, but give many advantages. When the wing isswung forward the plane can travel farther and can land and takeoff on shorterrunways. When swung forward it can reach supersonic speeds. It was noticed thatthe new airplane spotted was armed with bombs and self-defense missiles. TheA-17 has many things in common with the YF-23 like the air inlets and the humpson top of the fuselage that hide its engines. The engines on it are probablyGeneral Electric YF-120 turbo fan-turbojet engines which can reach speeds up toMach 2. One of the best recent advances has been in the area of flight guidanceand control such as the pilotless plane or drone. The Firebee is a pilotlessplane that can be controlled by ground, plane, or by a computer. It can flyfollowing a preset course and return. Another advance is vertical takeoff. It isa big advantage when an airplane can land and takeoff almost anywhere. TheBritish were the first to design it, but we built prototypes right away. Withthe advance of stealth technology, radar avoidance has become very important. Ifthe enemy doesnt know you are coming then they wont even know what hit them ifwe want to attack them. When Donald Rice said, Stealth saves lives, money,and does the job better (Goodall 10), he was right. Operation DessertStorm showed us that. With the many advances of military aircraft, it has becomea main and effective part of war in recent years.

Yahoo! Essay Example For Students

Yahoo! Essay Yahoo! rode the bull market Thursday, primarily on the strength of a report by Lehman Brothers, which raised its recommendation on the stock to a Buy. But Lehman analyst Holly Becker may well be the lone voice in the dark with her Yahoo! upgrade. Most other analysts are scratching their heads, taking a wait-and-see approach, and noting the many internal conflicts Yahoo! is currently undergoing. Some are even saying it may get worse before it gets better, that the Web portal may actually have to go through a round of layoffs in the not-to-distant future. When asked about the possible layoffs, a Yahoo! spokesperson said that the company does not comment on rumors. In the near term, the waters remain pretty turbulent for the company, said Derek Brown, an analyst with WR Hambrecht. There are strong forces at work right now against Yahoo!, and layoffs are a distinct possibility in the near future. We will write a custom essay on Yahoo! specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Plus, the company is still searching for a new chief executive, analysts note. In her report, Becker set a 12-month target price for Yahoo! at $20 a share. Technology Essays

Anne Sullivan essays

Anne Sullivan essays She was a lost cause. No one could help her because she was unable to communicate. Why did Anne Sullivan believe she could help her? Sullivan undertook a task that many thought to be impossible: to establish some means of communication with Helen Keller and to bring this blind, deaf, and mute girl into a world that she could never before have imagined. Of all the influential people throughout time, Anne Sullivan is one I admire. Because of her determination, her ability to connect with a deeply troubled child, and her defiance of the odds against her, she set an important example for Physically, Anne Sullivan was much like the other women of the nineteenth century. She was an everyday person on the outside; however, her character reveals that her ordinary appearance was misleading. Her greatest qualities lie within. Anne was an intelligent woman who could deal with all that life threw her way. In 1887, life gave her the opportunity to meet her greatest challenge, Helen Keller. To be able to cope with all that came with this job, she relied on her patient temperament as well as her loving and optimistic nature. Regardless of how grim the situation appeared to others, Anne saw the tiny increments of progress in Helen, and no matter how long it took, she refused to give up her hope that some day Helen would be able to function like other children. To truly touch and brighten the life of a child is one of the most incredible achievements that one could ever hope to reach. I personally hold a great admiration for Anne Sullivan because she connected with a child, and made her life better. Helen Keller had lived a life of complete frustration, absolutely cut off from the world around her. Anne Sullivan changed that. She taught a girl who knew nothing of relationships and love to communicate with a world she could neither see, ...

Mountain Lion Facts (Puma concolor)

Mountain Lion Facts (Puma concolor) The mountain lion (Puma concolor) is the second largest cat in the Americas after the jaguar. While its a big animal, the mountain lion is actually the largest small cat. Its more closely related to the domestic cat than to the lion or tiger. Puma concolor holds the Guinness World Record for the animal with the most common names. It is known as the mountain lion, cougar, puma, catamount, and about 40 other names in English. In keeping with its Linnaean name, scientists call the cat a puma. Fast Facts: Mountain Lion Scientific Name: Puma concolorCommon Names: Mountain lion, puma, cougar, pantherBasic Animal Group: Mammal Size: 4.9-9.0 feetWeight: 121-150 poundsLifespan: 8-10 yearsDiet: CarnivoreHabitat: The AmericasPopulation: 50,000Conservation Status: Least Concern Description The mountain lion is the fourth largest cat in the world after the tiger, lion, and jaguar. The cats coat is tawny on top and lighter on the belly, leading the name mountain lion. Males and females look similar, but males tend to be larger. Males average around 7.9 feet from nose to tail tip, while females average 6.7 feet in length. In general, adults range from 4.9 to 9.0 feet long. Males weigh 117 to 220 pounds (average 150 pounds), while females weigh between 64 and 141 pounds (average 121 pounds). Although mountain lions are large, they are not considered to be big cats because they cannot roar. However, they can produce a distinctive scream known as caterwauling. Habitat and Distribution The mountain lion has the largest range of any terrestrial American animal. It is adapted to diverse habitats from the Yukon in Canada down to the southern Andes in South America. In North America, mountain lions have been extirpated in the eastern half of the continent, with the exception of the Florida panther. Diet and Behavior Like other cats, the mountain lion is an obligate carnivore. While deer are its most important food source, the mountain lion will kill and eat anything it can catch, ranging from insects all they way up in size to moose. The mountain lion is an ambush predator that stalks its prey and pounces. It uses its bite to break its victims neck or else suffocate it. Following a successful hunt, the mountain lion drags its prey to a cache and hides it with brush. It returns to the cache to feed over the course of several days. Like most cats, mountain lions are crepuscular and tend to hunt before dawn and after dusk. Reproduction and Offspring Mountain lions are solitary except during mating and, for females, when caring for cubs. Although females are in estrus for 8 days of a 23-day cycle, they usually have only one litter every two or three years. After mating, the pair separates. Gestation last 91 days. The female seeks a cave or other protected space to give birth and rear her young. She most often gives birth to two cubs, although a litter may range from one to six cubs. The kittens are born blind and have spotted coats. When the cats eyes first open, they are blue. Cubs are weaned around three months of age and remain with their mother at least two years. Juveniles lose their spots around two and a half years of age. On average, one in five kittens survives to adulthood. Females become sexually mature between one and a half to three years of age. Males must establish their own territory before they can mate. In the wild, the average life expectancy of a mountain lion is 8 to 10 years. The cats may live much longer in captivity. Here, the average lifespan is about 20 years, but one cat died just short of its 30th birthday. Mountain lion kittens are spotted and have blue eyes. Jeff Wendorff / Getty Images Hybrids The mountain lion and a leopard can mate to produce a hybrid called a pumapard. Pumapards exhibit dwarfism and grow to about half the size of their parents. The hybrids have bodies of pumas, but with unusually short legs. The coat pattern is more similar to that of the leopard. The base color is tawny or gray with either brown or faded rosettes. Conservation Status The IUCN categorizes the mountain lions conservation status as least concern. The IUCN estimates fewer than 50,000 cats remain in the breeding population and the number continues to decline. Threats Mountain lions face multiple threats to their survival. Human encroachment has led to habitat loss, habitat degradation, and diminished prey availability. Breeding populations are becoming increasingly isolated and at risk of inbreeding depression. While the cat is protected in part of its range, hunting remains common in many countries, including the United States and Canada. Mountain lions are also susceptible to feline immunodeficiency virus, which may be spread by domestic cats. Mountain Lions and Humans Mountain lions rarely attack humans because people are not recognized as prey, but the number of attacks has been increasing. As of 2004, 88 attacks and 20 deaths had been recorded in North America since 1890. Most attacks occur when humans encroach on a cats territory or when the feline is starving. Children are much more likely to be attacked than adults. If threatened by a mountain lion, the best defense is to fight back. Running away, standing still, or playing dead are all ineffective strategies. Mountain lions are occasionally kept as pets, although there are cases of the cats attacking their handlers. A pet puma named Messi has a large following on YouTube. Healthy mountain lions usually do not view people as prey. DOUGBERRY / Getty Images Sources Beier, Paul. Cougar attacks on humans in the United States and Canada. Wildlife Society Bulletin. 19: 403–412, 1991.Nielsen, C.; Thompson, D.; Kelly, M.; Lopez-Gonzalez, C. A. Puma concolor. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN. 2015 (errata version published in 2016): e.T18868A97216466. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T18868A50663436.enSubramanian, Sushma. Should You Run or Freeze When You See a Mountain Lion?. Scientific American, April 14, 2009.Sweanor, Linda L.; Logan, Kenneth A.; Hornocker, Maurice G. Puma responses to close approaches by researchers. Wildlife Society Bulletin. 33 (3): 905–913, 2005. doi:10.2193/0091-7648(2005)33[905:PRTCAB]2.0.CO;2Â  Wozencraft, W.C. Order Carnivora. In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 544–45, 2005. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0.

Comparing History and Historiography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Comparing History and Historiography - Essay Example Likewise, historiography is a complex part of history course that many students struggle to understand and lack confidence in discussing. This essay will aim to elucidate what history and historiography are, analyze differences between the two terms and discuss why it is essential to have an understanding of them. Definition of terms History can be defined as the study of past events and the originality, compilation, organization, and arrangement of information about these events. Additionally, history can be termed as the intellectual discipline that utilizes narratives to scrutinize and inspect a series of historical events, and aim at establishing the patterns of cause and the effect that verify them. Precisely, history is the study of past events whereby the authors and scholars of history are referred to historians (Stunkel, 2011). On the other hand, historiography can be defined as the study of how historians and other scholars construe the past primarily as a study of their wr iting. In addition, it can also refer to the different ways of understanding or interpreting historical events, groups or leaders, and also understanding the reasons why there is the existence of different interpretations and theories. Candidly, historiography is an intriguing field of discussions and arguments regarding preceding and present illustrations of the past (Jayapalan, 2002). Differences between History and Historiography The differences between history and historiography are numerous and miniature starting from the meaning of the words themselves to other ways in which the subjects are applied in the academic sphere and beyond. From the definition, history is the exploration of past events while historiography is the examining of how history is studied and transmitted. As a matter of fact, the discipline of history is not going anywhere (Watts, 1997). On the other hand, the decisive perspective of historiography is becoming more vital to the field of history through offe ring latest conclusion regarding the past events and people’s relationship to them. While historiography is a sub-discipline of history, history is a discipline itself, with other sub-disciplines such as chronological theories, social and cultural history, amongst others such as political and economic history, and historical anthropology. "History" is an academic discipline nevertheless it is also a frequently used the word that does not fundamentally represent academia. "History" can be used colloquially to mean any approved period of time or stories associated with it. On the other hand, "historiography" came into existence in1979, and was introduced by Stanford University professor and scholar Lawrence Stone. As a result, "Historiography" cannot be applied conversationally. As much as historiography is a sub-discipline of history, they both fall into diverse form of discipline due to their methodology. History is classified under humanities because of its emphasis on philo sophy, art, literature and other fields that are not sciences, whereas historiography is classified under social sciences because of its social scientific approach to history. Furthermore, history is a narrative when considering its nature and character, whereby it is portrayed history as sequential, chronological and logical storytelling. On the other hand, historiography is a "new history" which focuses on analysis and not on narratives, and it is "structural history" since it emphasizes more on the state of humanity than on the accurate, objective conditions. Therefore, historiography emphasizes on the "how," of the past whereas history on the "what." Hence, historiography is extremely focused and wide (Gustafson, n.d). Importance of understanding history and histo

NYC HOMELESS POLICY Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

NYC HOMELESS POLICY - Research Paper Example Main reasons and causes for homelessness as written by many reports and studies include; poverty (that is caused by many factors like unemployment), war, abuse by the government or people with power, lack of affordable housing among others. This paper will focus on the temporary shelter policy for New York Homeless people. There has been a lot of criticism and debate on the temporary shelters policy for some time now. The coalition for the homeless says that the mayor’s tact relies on short-term emergency interventions, at the expense of long term federally funded options like housing programs that have had promising results in the past. During an interview with WCBS 880’s reporter Paul Murnane, the coalition’s executive director, Mary Brosnahan said, â€Å"sadly this year, the state for the homeless in New York City has never been worse, today for the first time in New York history, we have 50,000 sleeping each night in our shelter system and that includes over 21,000 homeless kids†. The Homeless Service Commissioner Seth Diamond said the numbers of the homeless entering the system are falling. On the same issue, the mayor, Bloomberg on his part said â€Å"that the coalition is not a reputable organization. He blamed the increase in the number of homeless in the shelters on Albany and Washington. ... The temporary shelters are better than nothing at. This is because they keep the homeless people off the street as the shelters are located in designated areas. Because of this reason, they need to be maintained until a more permanent solution can be found. This can be done in a number of ways one being identifying the fakes from the genuine homeless people. According to a report in the New York Times, more than one out of four families in shelters, 28 percent, include at least one employed adult, city figures show, and 16 percent of single adults in shelters hold jobs. This means that the City of New York is paying to run shelters for people who are employed. If this continues, there will be an overflow of people in the shelters leading to disease outbreak, congestion and worse living conditions. The mayor’s administration should stop this exploitation by the people able to rent cheap housing for themselves; so that they can have an accurate number of the city’s homele ss for effective planning and maintenance. It would also be difficult to maintain the shelters because of the increasing number of the homeless population. This refers to the homeless families that have been living in shelters for years and have increased the number of children in their families. This means that they will require more tents to fit the number of people in the family for privacy and a little bit of comfort. The maintenance money will also have to increase because there are more mouths to feed than the original number. The children of the homeless are more often than not faced with the same fate as their parents and part from growing up in shelters, they end up living in them when they grow up thus the shelter dilemma becomes a vicious cycle. Poverty is another

Paraphrasing the Poem entitled “My Last Dutchess” Essay Example for Free

Paraphrasing the Poem entitled â€Å"My Last Dutchess† Essay Look into the wall so that you may see the last of my beloved woman with glee Wondering why upon looking at it comes alive for it is made intensively out of love. Everyday the painter worked expansively as he watched my woman to a pause. Asking for the painter to take a look at my girl and create a painting of her. On the painter’s face, I can see that he is mesmerized by her. I believe in the capacity of the painter – a well known artist. In my eyes I picture you so differently and other would say, If it is her true beauty and I reply, it is. So other now always looks unto her face. Not only had I told the painter that made the woman blushed. I remember after she was painted, she made a wonderful look and say â€Å"Thank you.† It is her smile – the smile that nurtures my being since then until now. But the vestige is her daughter – my daughter. I need to start all over again for it was the destiny of life. Recollecting the surroundings as what the painter created in my woman’s background, Her beauty cast me away, like an â€Å"Innsbruck in bronze† – for me. Reference Browning, R. (1842). My Last Dutchess. Retrieved 26 March 2008. http://wps.prenhall.com/wps/media/objects/680/696357/student_library/pdf/browning.pdf

Magellan :: essays research papers

You might be asking yourself â€Å"who was the first man to circumnavigate the world†? Well his name was Ferdindad Magellan one of the greatest sailors of all time. He was the first man to cross the Pacific Ocean. Ferdinand Magellan was born in about 1480 in Sabrosa of a noble family, and he spent his years as a court page. He was one of the greatest sailors to sale for Portugal. He did some runs for the king but never anything important. He had a love for the open seas and wanted to move on to bigger and greater things. He as a young child always wanted to see the world and be a great explorer like the ones he had heard about. At his first chance he signed up for the army and became a soldier. And in 1506 he was shipped out to the East Indies were he would take part in exploration and some military expeditions. These would take place in Malacca and Moluccas also known as the Spice Islands. In the year 1510 through hard work and acts of bravery he would be promoted to the ran k of captain. He returned to Portugal in 1512 and 1513. He was re-stationed to Morocco were he was wounded pretty bad and maimed for life. Due to his situation he requested an increase in his royal salary. But Magellan was denied this increase by the king of Portugal, Emanuel. Emanuel disliked Magellan and did not care for his plans of find a westward passage to the Moluccas. At this point Magellan had had enough of the king of Portugal and he disowned his Portuguese nationality. In the year 1517 he would offer his services to the king of Spain, Charles I, who would later become known as The Holy Roman Emperor Charles V. Magellan was known to be a very persuasive person and had good salesmanship skills, He convinced Charles V to find a westward rout to Moluccas. If Magellan could achieve this task Spain’s wealth would skyrocket past its competing countries. On September 20,1519 Magellan started his great journey to the Moluccas from Sanlucar de Barrameda with five ships. That same year sometime in November he would reach land in South America. In February 1520 he explored the Rio de la Plata estuary. And on March 21, 1520 Magellan and his five-ship fleet would reach port at San Julian.

Fitness: Personal Life and Healthy Active Lifestyle Essay

You can consider yourself to have a healthy lifestyle if you have good physical, mental, social, and spiritual health. Good physical health is a result of all your body’s important functions working well together. A person in good physical health can more easily to fight off disease, recover from illness, and perform daily routines without feeling tired. Good mental health is a result of positive feelings about you and about others. Your mental health can influence your decisions. A person in good mental health can more easily to deal with stress, cope with change and maintain a positive outlook on life. Good social health is a result of your interactions with others and of coping well with social situations. Social health can be built through friendships, participation in community groups, and volunteer work. A person in good social health can more easily to feel close and connected to other people, understand his or her own self-worth and cope with life’s ups and downs. Good spiritual health gives peace of mind. Spirituality can be gained and expressed in the way you play a musical instrument, dance, work with art materials, or through religion. It can also be apparent through reaching out to help others in ways that restore their dignity and self-worth. Good spiritual health can give your life a purpose to provide you with stress relief and help you develop support systems. Focusing on each of these dimensions, and continually striving to improve in each area, is one of the keys to a long and happy life. 2. What is BMI? What is your BMI ? Body Mass Index (BMI) is a number calculated from a person’s weight and height. BMI is a fairly reliable indicator of body fatness for most people. BMI does not measure body fat directly, but research has shown that BMI correlates to direct measures of body fat, such as underwater weighing and dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). 1, 2  BMI can be considered an alternative for direct measures of body fat. Additionally, BMI is an inexpensive and easy-to-perform method of screening for weight categories that may lead to health problems. Calculating BMI BMI=__________________ 3. What is long-term fitness goal that you aspire to? 4. What are different ways to live a healthy active lifestyle ? Nutrition 1. Why should Nutrition be important for teenager? 2. What are 4 food groups and why they are important? 3. Create 3-days meal plan that incorporate all the food groups and contributes to a healthy active lifestyle. Your meal plan should include specific serving size. | B/L/D/S| Serving size| | DAY 1| | | | DAY 2| | | | DAY 3| | | | Sexuality 1. What are the 10 component that you want in a healthy relationship? 10 Component of Healthy Relationship * Feel happy and relaxed * Spend time together and time apart * Demonstrate trust * Are confident Have positive self-esteem * Act with mutual respect * Feel appreciated * Communicate openly and honesty * Attempt to understand one another * Listen to each other 2. What is Abstinence? Why is Abstinence the best method to protect your sexual health? Abstinence from sexual activity means refraining from any form of sexual activity that could result in pregnancy or the all form of intercourse. Abstinence is the best method to protect s exual health 3. What are the 2 common STI’s? Indicate how they are transmitted, sign and symptoms, treatment and prevention. Name of STI’s| Transmitted| Sign and Symptoms | Treatment and Prevention| HPV(Human Papilloma Virus)| * Unprotected sex * Direct contact with sores/kissing * Mother to infant before birth| * Stage 1= small red bumps, liquid in genital area (chancres) * Stage 2= rash, flu-like symptoms, hair loss, genital growth| * Antibiotics, but only if it is caught easy * If not treated early, medication cannot repair damage already done| Trichomonas | * Unprotected sex or sexual contact| * Saginal discharge and odour * Pain or itching (during urinating) * Spotty bleeding frequent urination | * Antibiotics for affected person and his or her partner| 4. What are 2 common STI’s of contraceptive and indicate how it works, its effectiveness, advantages and disadvantage? Name of Contraceptive| How it work| Effectiveness| Advantages| Disadvantages| Male Condom | * Physical barrier acts to prevent direct genital contact and the exchange of genital fluids| * The condom is 98% effective when used perfectly * With typical use, it is 85% effective| * Available without a prescription * Latex condoms protect against sexually transmitted infection * May help to avoid premature ejaculation | * Must be | | | | | | Conflict Resolution 1. What are 4 type of conflict that may affect teenagers and how can they be deal with effective? 4 type of conflict that may affect teenagers a. Internal Conflicts b. Interpersonal Conflicts c. Intra-Group conflicts d. Inter-Group Conflicts 2. What skills can help teenagers deal with conflicts? Which of those attribute do you oppose? a. Empathy b. Patience and to Lawrence c. Clear and direct message d. Creative thinking e. Critical thinking f. Assertiveness Body Image and self-esteem 1. What is body image? What is self-esteem? Body image is an mental picture of your own body. Body image includes how you feel about your body, want you believe about your body, how you see yourself and how you think you look to others. Self-esteem describes how valued or worthy a person feels. People with high-self-esteem make good choices. People with low-self-esteem may feel that they are unworthy of the opportunities life has to offer. 2. What are 3 factors that influence body image? The 3 factors that influence body image are impact of media on body image, family influence on body image, and friend’s effect on body image. 3. What is the self-point theory? Self-Point Theory says each of us has a weight (or â€Å"self-point†) that our body â€Å"programmed† to maintain;gt; if we drop below this self-point the theory says our body automatically reacts (possible to protect itself) and we are unable to keep weight off. 4. How would you rate your body image on a scale of 1-100 and why? Exercise Activity 1. What type of exercise do you most enjoy and why? 2. Indicate where your exercise originated and the basic concepts of the exercise, equipment needed and space required.

Bottle vs breastfeeding Essay

As a nurse, I will tell the young mother that breastfeeding is always better than bottle feeding. As a new parent, it is her responsibility to make sure her baby will get off to a good nutritional start. Breastfeeding does have its’ benefits. There is no doubt that breastfeeding contains all the nutrients your baby needs for proper growth and development. Studies prove that breast milk provides optimal health benefits for your newborn. Mother’s milk is easily digested, has perfectly matched nutrition for the baby, and is filled with antibodies that protect against infection. Furthermore, breastfed babies are less likely to suffer from ear infections, diaper rash, and intestinal upsets. In addition, breast milk offers immune system boosters and fatty acids specific to humans that promote optimal brain growth. Not only does breastfeeding benefit your baby, it has many advantages for you. Breastfeeding is convenient. There is no need to get out of bed at 2 a.m. to prepare a bottle. All you have to do is hold your baby to your chest and feed. Next, breastfeeding is very economical. Since breast milk is self- produced, you don’t need money to buy an endless supply of food. Last, breastfeeding is helpful in the process of returning your body to its normal state. While feeding, hormones are produced that make your organs contract into their natural size. One con about breastfeeding is that nursing is definitely time-consuming. A newborn baby typically feed every 2 to 3 hours during the day and may awaken frequently at night. Another con is breastfeeding takes a lot of energy for your body to make milk, so the mother can often feel quite fatigued. Another con is sometimes mothers have physical problems like mastitis, plugged milk ducts and engorgement if the baby is not feeding frequently or properly. If you are a working mother you might find it challenging to schedule nursings. It will be necessary to pump at work and some jobs may not allow for such breaks . 1 What if she has to return to work? Like I said, if you are a working mother, you might find it challenging to schedule nursings. It will be necessary to pump at work and some jobs may not allow for such breaks. But, to breastfeed you will have to find time  during the day, during the afternoon, during the evening, and if possible at night to pump. 2 Should people be allowed to breastfeed in public eg a restaurant? So , if you are eating in a restaurant, should your baby eat from the breast? Yes, mothers should be allowed to breastfeed in public, even at a restaurant. Breastfeeding is completely natural, and it should be acceptable. Breasts were not intended for sex; they were intended to be used to breastfeed whenever and wherever the baby needs to be fed. Yes, it may be inappropriate if an entire breast is shown, but most mothers take caution in not exposing all of themselves. They are simply trying to feed their child. 3 What if the patient is from a third world country? I would give the same advice to a third world country mother, as I would to an American mother. I would not discriminate. So, she is from a third world country, to be talking to me she is in America now and there are plenty of free nutritional programs for her and her baby to take part in. I would still advise breastfeeding her baby. 4 Is there a federal/state law that governs breastfeeding? Section 7(r) of the Fair Labor Standards Act – Break Time for Nursing Mothers Provision President Obama signed the Affordable Care Act (ACA) on March 30, 2010. (See the combined full text of Public Laws 111-148 and 111-152 here.) Among many provisions, Section 4207 of the law amends the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) of 1938 (29 U.S. Code 207) to require an employer to provide reasonable break time for an employee to express breast milk for her nursing child for one year after the child’s birth each time such employee has need to express milk. The employer is not required to compensate an employee receiving reasonable break time for any work time spent for such purpose. The employer must also provide a place, other than a bathroom, for the employee to express breast milk. If these requirements impose undue hardship, an employer that employs fewer than 50 employees is not subject to these requirements. The federal requirements shall not preempt a state law that provides greater protections to employees. http://www.ncsl.org/research/health/breastfeeding-state-laws.aspx 5 Does men have a different opinion about breastfeeding as compared to women? I could not find a difference of opinion on breastfeeding by men. I read  where most men support breastfeeding. Most men found breastfeeding to be healthier for baby and mother. Most men find that breastfeeding saves them a lot of money. Most of them do not mind their wives breastfeeding in public too. 6 Should you heat a bottle in a microwave? The microwave changes the molecular structure of whatever you heat up in there. Breastmilk has essential nutrients that your baby can benefit from so you don’t want to deprive your baby from that! I would say to not take any chances. Take the extra time for the benefit of your baby and run the bottle under warm water or put it in a bowl of warm water or get a bottle warmer. It is not advised to heat up formula or breastmillk in microwave. I wouldn’t risk it. (7) Should you put a child to bed with a bottle in his/her mouth? Letting your baby go to sleep in his crib with a bottle of milk or juice is not a good idea. Not only will your child come to depend on having a bottle to get to sleep, but leaving a bottle in your sleeping baby’s mouth can cause tooth decay. There is a chance your baby may choke and it also can be the cause of a chronic ear infection. When a baby drinks lying flat on their back the milk can flow through their ear cavity causing infection. It is not recommended to put a bottle in the crib with the baby. I suggest a pacifier. That might be a better alternative. References: Breast vs. Bottlefeeding. (2008, May 19). In WriteWork.com. Retrieved 19:08, October 12, 2014, from http://www.writework.com/essay/breast-vs-bottlefeeding Examine best practice in breastfeeding.. (2004, January 11). In WriteWork.com. Retrieved 19:06, October 12, 2014, from http://www.writework.com/essay/examine-best-practice-breastfeeding Breastfeeding and the Workplace. (2004, March 01). In WriteWork.com. Retrieved 19:06, October 12, 2014, from http://www.writework.com/essay/breastfeeding-and-workplace http://www.ncsl.org/research/health/breastfeeding-state-laws.aspx

To Kill A Mockingbird Literary Elements Essay

To Kill A Mockingbird Literary Elements Essay To Kill A Mockingbird Literary Elements Essay Unit 3EA2 Sadie Whitney Mr. Diggins 4/1/15 Loss of Innocence Loss of innocence is a recurring theme throughout the book for both Jem and Scout. One of the loss of innocence scenes is when Jem destroys Mrs. Dubose’s flowers because she had been calling Atticus names, just like almost everyone in Maycomb. Jem snaps and caves in to the what recent events have brought to Maycomb. This passage shows multiple literary elements. The most obvious literary elements are imagery, setting, and external conflict. These paragraphs come to show just how easy it is to spot these literary elements. So now i’ll show how I found three simple literary elements in this small passage. In this passage, multiple literary elements can be seen. For example, Imagery is one of the literary elements found in this passage. Imagery is â€Å"the descriptive or figurative language used to create word pictures.† In the passage it says, â€Å"He did not begin to calm down until he had cut the tops off every camelia bush in Mrs. Dubose owned, until the ground was littered with green buds and leaves.† This helps show a picture in your head and shows how jem might of felt when he destroyed the camellias. In a book, to describe the setting, the author uses imagery. Imagery is often the only way of imagining the scenes. Without imagery and setting the book would be really boring and plain. Setting is one of the most important elements of a book or movie. The setting is, â€Å"the time and place in which a story happens.† Setting can change the attitudes of the character, their opinions, their tone of voice, setting can change everything. One quote is, â€Å"He did not begin to calm down until he had cut the tops off every camelia bush in Mrs. Dubose owned, until the ground was littered with green buds and leaves.† This quote fits with imagery perfectly by describing vividly what Jem is doing. When the book describes Jem destroying the camellias, it tells me that the setting has changed. Mrs In some cases changing the setting can either cause or solve conflicts. Another literary term found in this passage is the external conflict. The external conflict is the â€Å"struggle between a literary or dramatic character and an outside force.† This passage shows Jem trying to cope with his conflict (the people of Maycomb.) Both Jem and Scout have experienced children and adults calling Atticus names. In this case, Jem breaks after Mrs. Dubose calls Atticus a name. â€Å"We had just come to her gate when Jem snatched my baton

5 Great American Humorists of the Early to Mid-20th Century

5 Great American Humorists of the Early to Mid-20th Century 5 Great American Humorists of the Early to Mid-20th Century 5 Great American Humorists of the Early to Mid-20th Century By Mark Nichol Humor is in the eye (or, frequently, the ear) of the beholder, but if you prefer elegance in your entertainment and wish to find inspiration for your own mirthful musings, check out the works of these five twentieth-century titans of comic composition. 1. Robert Benchley Benchley was a master of parody and surreal humor, often writing about an everyman discombobulated by the modern world. He wrote for leading magazines, then went to Hollywood, where he intended only to write but also frequently appeared on camera. He had modest success in mostly small roles, sometimes alongside top actors but in some of their more forgettable films. (He is probably best known in this capacity as the provider of exposition in the Bob Hope–Bing Crosby classic Road to Utopia.) Benchley found more satisfaction writing and appearing in short film parodies such as the Oscar winner How to Sleep. The Best of Robert Benchley is a good introduction to his writing style. 2. Dorothy Parker Parker, the model for every woman who dares to have a biting wit, overcame an unhappy childhood and weathered alcoholism, several suicide attempts, numerous unsuccessful marriages and affairs, and criticism of her leftist politics to become one of the great comic writers of the twentieth century. Her short story collections include Laments for the Living and After Such Pleasures, she published poetry in volumes titled Enough Rope, Sunset Gun, and Death and Taxes, and Constant Reader contains many of the book reviews she wrote for the New Yorker. Parker later worked on stage and film scripts, including A Star Is Born, the screenplay of which was nominated for an Academy Award. 3. S. J. Perelman This master parodist, considered the pioneering American surrealist, is noted for his wordplay, including metaphors, non sequiturs, and obscure references and terms, and is celebrated overall for his devotion to the absurd. Perhaps you need to know nothing more than that he was the screenwriter for several of the best Marx Brothers films. His works, more accurately referred to as sketches than short stories, are collected under such titles as Acres and Pains (about the ordeal of owning a Pennsylvania farm) and Crazy Like a Fox or go for the obvious with The Best of S. J. Perelman. His talent declined as he grew older, but his best is among the best. 4. George S. Kaufman Kaufman’s humor wasn’t written to be read he was a prolific playwright and sometime screenwriter but his scripts are exemplars of writing that induces laughter. Usually in collaboration with one or more other writers his professional partners included Edna Ferber, George and Ira Gershwin, Moss Hart, and Morrie Ryskind he wrote (and directed and produced) many enduring stage plays and musicals, though he was said to dislike the latter art form. He shared the Pulitzer Prize for the comedy You Can’t Take It with You and the musical Of Thee I Sing! Other memorable works include Dinner at Eight, Stage Door, and The Man Who Came to Dinner (all of which, like You Can’t Take It with You, were adapted for the screen, all to great acclaim). 5. James Thurber This American writer and cartoonist, who as a result of a childhood accident lost an eye and was nearly blind in the other, produced an impressive array of wryly amusing stories and illustrations. The book of short stories that brought him fame is called My Life and Hard Times; he also wrote some essays about language, including â€Å"The New Vocabularianism,† â€Å"The Spreading ‘You Know,’† and â€Å"What Do You Mean It Was Brillig?† He also cowrote a stage play (later adapted into a film) called The Male Animal, and late in life appeared in the theatrical revue A Thurber Carnival, based on his stories, in a segment called â€Å"File and Forget.† He is best known for his short story â€Å"The Secret Life of Walter Mitty† (loosely and, to Thurber’s mind, poorly adapted into a movie), about a timid daydreamer. Thurber is the only person on this list who was not a member of the loose-knit assemblage of wits who formed the Algonquin Round Table (named after the New York City hotel they frequently dined at), whose members sometimes collaborated creatively. (He was, in fact, a critic of the group’s sometimes vicious practical jokes and some of its members, including Dorothy Parker, later disparaged it as well.) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the General category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Cost-Effective vs. Cost-Efficient20 Pairs of One-Word and Two-Word FormsHow to Address Your Elders, Your Doctor, Young Children... and Your CEO

UK Zero Tolerance Policing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

UK Zero Tolerance Policing - Essay Example This concept of Zero Tolerance was founded in the year 1994 from what was known as the "broken window theory of crime" which had the same objective of doing away with social ills just as the zero tolerance (Cox & Wade, 1998, p.22). Through the establishment of a Zero tolerance policy, everyone would be a subject to the set laws and regulation, and the idea that had been long used to treat socials problems as if they were criminal offense would be part of history. Before the full enactment of this concept, justice was being practiced unfairly and a crime would only be defined as so if committed by others (members of the society in a lowers class) but the other portion of the society in higher social classes walk free. "Dealing with only those crimes committed by the poor and omitting the white collar crimes has never, and will never achieve much in the fight against crime" (Robinson, 2002, p41-75). Such an idea is what shook the United Kingdom to the realization that led them to embrace modern methods of fighting against the vise [Zero Tolerance Policing]. The U.K administration reasoned that it was a lot more easy to prevent the escalation of crime in the society that to put a stop to it. This stand prompted t hem to adopt the zero tolerance strategy which provided for the fight of smaller crimes with an equal magnitude just like the other bigger crimes...since it is these small isolated crimes that if left unattended to will mutate or rather develop into the high profile crimes. The criminal statistics of England and Wales indicate that, in a period of fifty decades (1950-2000), recorded criminal cases rose from 500-5500. Further reports in (Newburn, 2003, p.3) show that there was a 23% decline in public confidence with the police from 1992-2000 (Newburn, 2003, p.3).This new direction that zero tolerance policing has taken must therefore factor in these two concerns and work towards improving the relationship. This research paper will look at how the government of UK has faired so far with its strategy of zero tolerance policing since its inception, and what the government has so far achieved. The paper will also go further to analyze the viability of the concept in fighting the high pro file criminal acts of the 21st Century. The Case of U.K on Zero Tolerance Policing The Zero Tolerance Policing in the United Kingdom is under the docket of CID, headed by a Director Superintendent. The concept has received a lot of political support but is quiet unpopular among some of the U.K police force. Some of the Police Departments who advocate for the program argue that it was this new concept that had resulted into the drastic fall of crime as evident lately in New York (Sherman, et al.1997, p.51). Because of such positive reports, it has become widespread in the major cities especially in New York and those of North America. In the United Kingdom, it is mainly used in Middlesbrough, Strathclyde, Hartpool and Landon. A report that was released in February 2009 (Summers et al. 2009.) showed that criminal activities has switched bases, currently, more and more youngsters are getting involved in crime than before. The report further revealed that more than 50,000 teens in the United Kin

Natural hazard and disasters - floods Assignment

Natural hazard and disasters - floods - Assignment Example Floods are very devastating natural phenomenon. It is a temporary condition wherein dry lands are swamped with waters coming from the outflow of rivers, tidal waters, or from the unusual rapid accumulation of water from any source. Types of floods are riverine floods, flash flooding, storm surge, and dam failure. Riverine floods are caused by heavy rainfall when catch basins are no longer able to hold excess water. Storm surge in coastal areas due to a tidal wave, high tide, tsunami or hurricane. Dam failures are explosion of dams due to earthquake that cause great floods in down streams. Another kind of flood and most common is the â€Å"flash floods† that can occur almost anywhere when there is a sudden burst of intense rainfall wherein drainage is either clogged or it has not enough capacity to absorb. Usually, flash floods stay only for short hours. It is unlike river flooding that occurs in low-lying areas adjacent to river and streams that stays flooded for several days. (Geoscience Australia, August 2013.) 2. Explain the system used to classify floods. Several systems of floods classifications have been suggested by engineers and scientists, but I have not found a universal application that is appropriate for a region. For instance, Luke Howard Classification System (n.d.), depends on clouds classification. Accordingly, his system has been used for many years. For Luke, the appearance of clouds formation dictates the amount of rainfall. But to me, this is not the systematic way of classifying floods. Experts today have arrived at a more methodological manner of classifying floods. The National Geographic (2013) said hydrologists used past flood patterns to predict when and where floods could happen, but since these are only estimates, climate , weather, and land can change. Soil scientists study how much water the soil can absorb. The type of soil and the amount of groundwater tells the hydrologist how much more water the earth can absorb. They als o determine the amount of water a runoff can absorb. Runoff water comes from natural processes such as excess irrigation, industrial wastes and sewage. Hydrologists also evaluate snowfall and snowpack. Snowfalls are also said to be contributory to flooding, and when snow melts, the grounds may not be able to absorb too much water (National Geographic 2013). Today, our weather stations use modern technology such as Doppler radar. This system helps meteorologist predict floods, it also shows them how severe a storm would be. Doppler system allows scientists to detect weather pattern and to create computerized images of rainfall. There are also automated gauges placed in rivers that measure the height and speed of river currents, and the amount of rainfall received. Scientists also designed a geographic information system that helps them to warn people if the river will overrun its banks and floods are expected. 2. Discuss the 1913 flood which occurred in Dayton, Ohio with regards to: a. The nature of the event. The Great flood in Miami in 1913 has been described as the worst flood ever experienced in the region. A large amount of rainfall that fell continuously in three days, coupled by snow melting winter produced a run-off of streams in the Miami River and other rivers to overflow. These run-offs caused every city along the river to be inundated with floodwaters . b. Issues directly related to the impact of the event . According to the report of Miami Conservancy District, â€Å"more than 360 people lost their lives and property damage exceeded $100 million (that’s more than $2 billion in today’s economy).  The amount of water that passed through the river channel in Dayton equaled the amount of water that flows over Niagara Falls in a four-day period† (MCD, 2009)   . c. Lessons learned and actions taken as a result of the event. People were really unprepared for this tragedy so that the citizens of Miami, came together to make plans t o prevent

Service Quality RTE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Service Quality RTE - Essay Example The service marketing mix includes process, physical evidence, and people. When offering services instead of products, a company's reputation, the process of delivering the service and what is promised, value for the money, and follow up. Other differences include the improbability of services not being able to be returned and a company's service can be based on one particular sales representative. Council (2006) which states "The relationship between the audience and the broadcaster can be very uneven yet good communications between the two are vital for the ongoing development of a truly relevant service. RT is committed to being open to its audience, welcoming all contact, listening to all views, and responding promptly and appropriately. To facilitate communication and to enhance accountability" In order to provide quality services via services marketing, RTE must be aware of key macro economic environmental factors such as the climate in which the company conducts business. Regulations and policies set by the government. The economic environment includes the business cycle, rate of inflation, and interest rates. The changes in society's trends and markets and technological impact are also macro economic environmental factors. A Political, Economic, Socialcultural, and Technological Analysis (P.E.S.T. or PEST Analysis) is used to examine the macro (external) environment that companies must face and deal with when conducting business. External factors can be considered bad and yet a dynamic external environment creates opportunities as changes occur. Macro economic environmental factors are forces which affect companies dramatically if not controlled and addressed accordingly. The macro factors are dynamic and produce major changes and trends. Such factors include technology, politics, the status of the economy, and the Last Name 3 environment. As stated earlier, these factors (along with many other macro economic environmental factors) drive the changes that constantly occur. Demographics, or "The characteristics of human populations and population segments, especially when used to identify consumer markets", as defined by The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (2000) are highly determined. Unlike demographics, however, the macro environmental factor of public opinion is very uncertain. RTE should focus on the factors that are the most important and most uncertain. The company should focus on trends that are observable and measurable as these are good indicators of what changes should expect to happen and the directions in which these changes will take. RTE has an advantage in keeping abreast of the macro environmental factors as the media services (television, radio, business, news,

Mosque Is A Worship Place For Muslims English Language Essay

Mosque Is A Worship Place For Muslims English Language Essay Mosque is a worship place for Muslims. Its function not just performs salat purposely but it can be as well as a center for information, education, and dispute settlement. As we know, mosque basically dealing with sounds which in delivering religious matters such as Friday sermon and lectures which most important speech activities in mosque. Through these activities, the congregation will be hearing messages of reminder of their religious and social duties. A study was carry out about acoustics and speech intelligibility quality of Kampung Laut Mosque, Kota Bharu (Ngasri Dimon, 2007), they determine the acoustic quality of the mosque such as reverberation time (RT60), speech level distribution in the main hall and speech intelligibility quality which involving different type of situation. In this study, they undergoes several acoustic quality analysis which are RT60 analysis, ray tracing analysis, sound pressure level (SPL) analysis and speech intelligibility prediction based on Speech Transmission Index (STI) and Rapid Speech Transmission Index (RASTI) lead to indicate that mosque posses good quality and good speech intelligibility when kuliah or khutbah is performed.[1] Acoustic is a very important nowadays, it does not restrict to the study of musical only. Acoustics is such a wide course which related to physical acoustics, psychoacoustics, electro acoustic, noise control, shock and vibration, underwater acoustics, physiological acoustic and etc. In Malaysia, there is standard that organized by Department of Occupational Safety and Health on the noise control. Noise is unwanted sound that harmful and will effects to our hearing sense. Consequences from that, it will lead to accident. The normal range of hearing for a healthy young person is from approximately 20 Hz (Hertz) to 20,000 Hz (20 kHz). 1.2 Problem Statement Acoustic quality in mosque is very important. Mosque is a building where worshipper perform for their pray. So, it must be conducive in term of sound which audibility. The worshipper cant get the message or unpleasant to do their religious activity sometimes and it need to be improve. Several studies have been made about the acoustic quality which most of them come from out of our country. In Malaysia, acoustic engineering does not wide like other engineering. So, to implement this kind of quality does not taking serious. Most of our mosque here, the buildings more focus on the decent architectural design. Besides that, in the main hall prayer also come with astonishing look which somehow adaptation from other great design in the world. This is good regarding to modernization of architectural design but acoustical quality also should be considered too. According to CAHRISMA project that researched by Zerhan Karabiber about ancient buildings, it states conservation and restoration of the architectural heritage were restricted with material means until now. However, it is obvious that, preserving an architectural heritage also should includes with acoustical heritage, especially the spaces that has acoustical importance.[2] Al-Wathiqu Billah Tuanku Mizan Zainal Abidin Mosque,  UiTM  Shah Alam is newly mosque upgrading from their old building which formerly known as Pusat Islam UiTM. This mosque fully finished their renovation on 2010 which come out with new architectural design in their main hall prayer. Tuanku Mizan Mosque is not same like other mosque, it just only has one beautiful minaret and upper space of the building is flat which does not have dome. Upon to its uniqueness, a study should be made to evaluate whether this mosque has good acoustical quality. In addition, throughout this study also, we can improvise and learns in spite of implement the acoustic learning course offered in Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UiTM. The result of this study can be aid to design a new mosque in the future. 1.3 Objective The main objective is to study the acoustic quality in Al-Wathiqu Billah Tuanku Mizan Zainal Abidin Mosque,  UiTM  Shah in order to gain understanding about the good criteria needed in designing acoustic in mosque To determine the reverberation time, RT60 during semi-fully and fully occupied. To study the signal-to-noise ratio in the mosque during semi-fully and fully occupied. 1.4 Scope of Project The scope of the project is to investigate the good criteria needed in designing acoustic in mosque. There are several criteria need to carry out in this project such as study of reverberation time (RT60), Speech intelligibility, Noise Control and etc. As a result, sound contour mapping will be determined for RT60 at certain places in main hall prayer in the mosque. Besides that, throughout the studies also we could understand circumstances that effect to acoustic in the mosque and the way to counter it. 1.5 Significant Project This study was carrying out to gain the understanding about acoustic quality in the mosque. Thus, it will promote the value of acoustic in a building which does not focusing on the mosque only. In addition, it will help to improve the deficiency of acoustic quality and performing some guidance on designing mosque in future. Chapter 2 Literature review 2.1 Mosque 2.1.1 Definition Mosque is defined as the place of worship for Muslim. One of the most repeated building types in Muslim countries. In Malaysia, lot of mosque resembles mosque found in Java. The mosque serves as a place where  Muslims  can come together for  salat  (prayer) as well as a center for information, education, and etc. File:Quba.jpg Figure 2.1 : First mosque in the world, Quba Mosque First mosque (Figure 2.1) in the world built in Quba, Medina in Saudi Arabia. It was built during prophet Muhammad S.A.W on his way for emigration from Mecca to Medina, Saudi Arabia. The present mosque of Quba is a rebuild building. When Abdel-Wahed El-Wakil, Egyptian architect  was commissioned on 1980s, he conceived larger mosque and preserve the older design but the client eventually decided to pull down the old mosque and completely replace with new building. This mosque is a significant building to Muslim people nowadays due to its history.[3] 2.1.2 Architectural / Room Acoustic Room acoustic or architectural acoustic is the science of noise control within the building. This acoustical design quite important in making a hall that has acoustical purpose such as lecture hall, auditorium and etc. This study is to provide for maximum intelligibility of the speech while also in maintaining a natural voice. The first implementation of the architectural acoustic is in the opera houses then concert halls. Every single building has its own acoustic requirement depending to the purpose of the building. Sà ¼leymaniye Mosque(Figure 2.2), was built by Architect Sinan in 1557 is a great architectural acoustic building. The uniqueness of this building has the mosques main dome was found to have 256 symmetrically placed cubes measuring 15 centimeters around the front and 45 centimeters in length, which contribute to very good acoustic quality in this mosque. Some coresspondance said no need microphone there and the speech intelligibility very good. Unfortunately, after a few restorations relating to its heritage, the mosque already lost their uniqueness. Local people claimed that they cannot hear the sermon clearly as usual after that. http://img1.eramuslim.com/fckfiles/image/dunia/suleymaniye-mosque.jpg Figure 2.2 : Sà ¼leymaniye Mosque in Istanbul, Turkey 2.1.3 History of Al-Wathiqu Billah Tuanku Mizan Zainal Abidin Mosque,   UiTM  Shah Alam Al-Wathiqu Billah Tuanku Mizan Zainal Abidin Mosque,  UiTM  Shah Alam is located at top of hill nearby with Kolej Seroja and Faculty of Applied Science, about 1.5 km from Faculty of Mechanical Engineering. This Mosque has their own history which is known as Islamic Education Centre (IEP) at beginning of their established on  1st April 1983. In order with modernization, this centre was revised its name by Y.Bhg.  Dato  Seri  Prof Dr.  Ibrahim Abu Shah, Vice Chancellor UiTM on 1st January 2004 become Centre  for Islamic Thought and Understanding (CITU). CITU was supervised by a director and assist with two vice director that responsible to Islamic academic and non-academic in the UiTM Shah Alam campus. The establishment of CITU in UiTM is a combination of Islamic Education Centre (IEP) with the Religious Advisory Centre (non-academic) in which all Islamic activities governed by the University under one roof with the Islamic Centre at the university. After a few years, CITU has undergone renovation which incriminates a few parts that need to be maintaining in its building such as a new minaret and its main hall prayer. In 2010, UiTM move one step ahead in elevate Islam as main religion in our country and desire emerge as World Class University by introducing Al-Wathiqu Billah Tuanku Mizan Zainal Abidin Mosque,  UiTM  Shah Alam.[4] 2.1.4 Mosque Features The area and volume of this mosque is calculated based on Architectural drawing that been provided by Unit Rekabentuk Projek, Bahagian Fasiliti UiTM, a department that responsible to plan or proposing the features of this mosque. C:UsersfirdausyusufPicturesBukit Raja-20121130-00173.jpg Figure 2.3: Site plan on architecture drawing of UiTM mosque The mosque has an estimated volume is 62,720 m and it can accommodate 7000 person at a time. The floor area of the mosque about 3136 m and for the main prayer hall floor area estimated of 1600 m. It is 56 x 56m, with height of 20m. Each area calculations of main prayer hall is as shown in Table 1. TABLE 2.1 Summarise area of Al-Wathiqu Billah Tuanku Mizan Zainal Abidin Mosque,  UiTM  Shah Alam Surface Type Surface Area (S), m Carpet Floor 1,600 Plaster Ceiling 2,240 Plaster Front wall 1,120 Plaster Side wall 800 Plaster Back wall 960 Glass Side door 36 Glass Back door 36 2.2 Sound 2.2.1 Sound Mechanical Wave Sound is defined as pressure variation in term of mechanical wave that travels through a medium from one location to another. This phenomenon occurs when the wave is set off; it sets the nearest layer of particles of air into motion and corresponding energy to it in example vibration disturbance. This transport of mechanical energy through a medium by particle interaction is what makes a sound wave a mechanical wave. A vibrational disturbance is interpreted as (audible) sound if its frequency lies in the interval from 20 Hz to 20 000 Hz. Depending on the properties of the medium, sound propagates at different speeds. Medium Speed of sound (m/s) Air 340 Water 1500 Steel 5000 Sound wave behaviour is same with light and other wave behaviours. The sound wave may exhibits reflection, interference (two waves superimpose to execute resultant wave), refraction and diffraction.[5] 2.3 Early Decay Time (EDT) In describing the decay of a reverberant tail of sound energy in room, Sabines equation states the relationship between low absorption to its internal volume. Sabine in his study was discovered that sound like many other quantities which have a half-life. These produce an exponential curve that against increasing time graph (Figure 1). This pattern of graph much like the decay of radioactive material or carbon-14 that been use by archaeologist in the dating process. In other example to describe the decay time is the decay of light in a light -emitting diode (LED) and the voltage across a capacitor. The behaviour of this kind of energy, Sabine through its equation estimates the time required for energy to reflect until becomes inaudible (-60 dB) after the sound source been interrupted the RT60. http://www.synaudcon.com/site/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/EDT_as_a_Performance_Benchmark-fig1-e1266328072561.png Figure 2.4 : reverberant energy decays exponentially EDT is roughly defined as the sensation of RT. It is better indicator of subjective feeling of reverberation time, and is critical defining the acoustical quality of a music hall. By comparing the initial rate of reverberant sound decay and reverberation time likely appears initial rate more important than the total reverberation time. Decay time likely important too since it more rapid initial decay is interpreted by the human ear as meaning that the reverberation time is short. EDT should not be higher than  ± 10% for good acoustics. For liturgical purposes, EDT should be between 2.7 and 3.85 (Templeton, 1993). Things to avoid in design include the following: Echoes. An echo is a strong reflected sound that is arriving at the listener after the direct sound sufficiently delayed that it can be heard as a separate entity rather than as a continuation of the original sound. When echoes are heard, the most likely culprit is the rear wall of the room. Flutter echoes. Flutter echoes are a series of echoes that occur in rapid succession; they usually result from reflections between two parallel surfaces that are highly reflective. Sound focusing. Focusing of sound can be caused by reflection from large concave surfaces. Certain sounds will be heard too loudly near the focus of a curved surface. Sound shadows. Under balconies at the rear of an auditorium or church there may be insufficient early sound, since most of the reflections from the side walls and ceiling do not reach this area even though they are in a direct line of sight to the performer and therefore receive the direct sound. [6] 2.4 Speech Intelligibility Speech intelligibility is the measure of the effectiveness of speech which its expressed of percentage of a message that correctly delivered and understood. In term of understanding, speech intelligibility does not same with speech quality because speech quality refers to message that want to delivers that may be understood by the listener. A message that lacks quality may still be intelligible. C:UsersfirdausyusufDesktopFYPmeasurement speech.jpg Table 2.2 : Speech Inteligibilty Test Method Table above shows speech intelligibility test method which standardizes by International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) and International Standards Organization (ISO) standards that already incorporate objective methods for evaluating speech intelligibility. 2.5 Reverberation Time that required for a sound in a room to dies out which specifically decays by 60 dB in a room after the sound from its source has stopped is known as reverberation time (RT). RT is the basic parameter that should be calculated in the study of acoustic. Reverberation time specifying the efficiency of sound decays in a room for fulfilling the acoustical requirement depending upon the activities conducted in certain time. JBL Professional Sound System Design Manual reverberation time was simply described about the length of time required for a very loud sound to die away to inaudibility. It was later defined in more specific terms as the actual time required for sound to decay 60 decibels.[5] RT60 was found by Wallace Clement Sabine, a professor at Harvard University in the early 1900s who was the first person that quantifies this quality subject. W.C. Sabine has come out equation below due to his study on acoustic of the Fogg lecture hall: RT = Where, V = volume in cubic meters, S = total surface area of the room in square meters, = average absorption coefficient in the room According to past study in the mosque, RTis 7.48 s in the middle frequencies. This much longer than the optimum level even for liturgical purposes. Liturgical purpose refers to orchestra, chorus or organ which the optimum range level for reverberation time is about 3.0 to 3.5 s for spaces larger than 1000 m(Egan, 1994). Long sound decay at low frequencies can reduce the intelligibility of speech. For good intelligibility, RT values at low octave band should remain flat down to 100 Hz. At low frequency, an increase in RT values of around 10%-20% would still yield a natural sound. 2.6 Signal-to-Noise Ratio Noise is a sound which known as unwanted signal or damaging sound that may damage your hearing. It also can cause to other health effects such as stress, increased heart rate level, increased blood pressure and hypersensitivity to no noise. It can also interfere with communication at work, which could lead to accidents. For healthy young person, the normal range hearing is from approximately 20 Hz (Hertz) to 20,000 Hz (20 kHz). Our ears are more sensitive to the middle frequencies, which range from 500 Hz to 4000 Hz the speech frequencies. Signal-to-noise ratio defined as a measure of desired signal level to unwanted signal (noise). It is also known as the ratio of signal power to the noise power in a space. This describes the level of noise that exerts from output device such as fan and refrigerant, in relation to signal level. http://www.socialresearchmethods.net/kb/Assets/images/expclas1.gif Figure 2.5 : Two signal which referring to wanted signal which does not disturb and unwanted signal (alternate amplitude). Due to ratio between noise and signal, it often expressed in logarithmic decibel scale. Signal-to-noise ratio (dB) = 10 Where; = Pressure for signal (dB) = Pressure (signal + noise) in dB Chapter 3 Methodology Research methodology is one of the important parts in this study. A systematic methodology was created which to ensure that the research will be running smooth and successfully. In order to carry out the research, this methodology comes out with 5 stages which stated in the flowchart below. This flowchart is important to describing the way or designing the method that being use. Flowchart of the proposal methodology 3.1 Preliminary Preparation 3.1.1 Introduction to acoustic and understanding on the basic concept of the study. In this stage more on understanding of the basic concept about the study. This includes by doing some observation on past study and the sources that will provide the information that related to this study such as from library, book, internet, journals and etc. There are some keyword been highlighted regarding to the research includes acoustic, speech intelligibility, architectural acoustic, sound propagation, and reverberation time (RT60). This fundamental knowledge is quite important to understand about study that will carry out to perform a good research. The keyword had been discussed in the literature review. 3.1.2 Collecting information details about the study Collecting data is quite tough job need to handle. As mentioned in the objective, object that will carry out for the experiment is UiTM Shah Alam Mosque. For your information, this mosque was built past 20 years ago and basically there is no research done on this mosque. So the information about the mosque is quite limited. A lot of stages needed in determining the details about the mosque: Observing the features inside the object about the experiment will carry out, UiTM Shah Alam Mosque includes: Glass doors (11 Units) Pillars in wooden covered (6 Units) Speaker (6 Units) Collect some detail about the history in making the mosque from Arkib UiTM Shah Alam Dealing with Unit Fasiliti, UiTM Shah Alam regarding to get the dimension and drawing about the object. Contacting the architect that handle the latest renovation to get some point and view about the material that been used in the object that will carry out for the experiment. 3.2 Experimental Study 3.2.1 Reverberation time (RT60) For experimental study stage, sound level meter plays its role in obtaining the sound pressure level in decibel (dB). Referring back to the objective, the study is to determining the reverberation time (RT60) which the time required for sound level from present level down to 60dB. The sound level meter will be placed in certain position in main hall prayer area. From this we can see the variation of the sound propagation inside the hall. This variation of the sound propagation will be translated into sound contour mapping by using Matlab software which inserting the time required from the experiment. 3.2.2 Signal-to-noise ratio This parameter will be determined by using sound spectrum analyzer. This spectrum analyzer is worked to differentiate the signal and noise in a space. The result from this observation, we can obtain the noise level in the condition as stated in the objective of the study. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/FSL.jpg/220px-FSL.jpg Figure 3.1 : Spectrum analyzer 3.3 Simulation using software Stage 3 which need to carry out the simulation by using software in computer lab provided in Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UiTM Shah Alam. Regarding to Dr. Valliyappan David Natarajan, it is a new software that bought by the faculty conjunction to expanding demand in acoustics field. The software abilities can generate the architectural design instead of stimulates the sound propagation and speech intelligibility in the hall. 3.4 Data Analysis After computing both result by using experiment and simulation, it continue with the organizing all the result for the simulation and experiment. This analysis referred to do comparison for both conditions which is reverberation time and signal-to-noise ratio related to semi fully occupied and fully occupied people (peak hour) inside the hall. This analysis will come out in the plotted graph. In addition, the result of the analysis will be discussed. In spite of that, the result of experimental pattern will be compared with simulation that executed by the software. The comparison will be discussed in the short essay. 3.5 Report writing After going through in preparing the proposal, experiment and simulation, finally translate the entire chapter into report writing. The report writing consists of 6 chapters which the report must be below 100 pages.